tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89028398192055212012024-03-16T14:48:31.221+05:30Construction IndiaThis blog is geared towards students entering the construction industryNitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.comBlogger61125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-12468185779257059212014-09-19T21:38:00.000+05:302014-09-19T21:38:19.031+05:304G Digital Revolution by Reliance Jio<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Reliance Jio ( Mukesh Ambani Group) is going to revolutionize the telecom and data infrastructure in India. <br />
The company is laying high bandwidth Optical Fibre Cables across the whole of India city by city and even covering extremely small towns. In addition to this, company is installing lakhs of new telecom towers and building hundreds of high speed exchanges and data centers across India.<br />
This will completely change the way business is conducted in India as the Indian consumer will be able to access high speed 4G data on their computers, laptops, smartphones etc.<br />
The services are expected to be launched in a big way in first quarter of 2015<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihMieZiAznaxW9mv7-j5aWdUKfPv3UMC7IWyf0poXagBrjaoW7A7o3D0W7zX3V_bIYuDHRtreeCIP7C1cKNl6HYGBH3_VBZ1HxF8GSu2OznPOssOqrBBpVLKgw_R4kvWHrLp22G-1Ffz8/s1600/4g.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihMieZiAznaxW9mv7-j5aWdUKfPv3UMC7IWyf0poXagBrjaoW7A7o3D0W7zX3V_bIYuDHRtreeCIP7C1cKNl6HYGBH3_VBZ1HxF8GSu2OznPOssOqrBBpVLKgw_R4kvWHrLp22G-1Ffz8/s1600/4g.jpg" height="291" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com28tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-47819868954139808772014-09-18T23:08:00.001+05:302014-09-18T23:12:59.294+05:30DMIC - Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
This project is right now one of the largest infrastructure projects happening in India.<br />
The purpose of this project is to build new railway tracks dedicated for raw materials/finished goods/cargo. The railway corridor will link Dadri near Noida to Jawahar Lal Nehru Port in Mumbai.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnCRiXO-gxDarMc47IleMgJzZoEwSgEKkMf21iVpcYAvZYYVRZdj2Dj46Y-fHOf06Kzm8smWQxevYImnt6fmnsdjMYsGloC6lclwzdIfZeiLqeojq-SeUc_TOeQ8gmlz2h1KO1KxS56pY/s1600/dmic_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnCRiXO-gxDarMc47IleMgJzZoEwSgEKkMf21iVpcYAvZYYVRZdj2Dj46Y-fHOf06Kzm8smWQxevYImnt6fmnsdjMYsGloC6lclwzdIfZeiLqeojq-SeUc_TOeQ8gmlz2h1KO1KxS56pY/s1600/dmic_1.jpg" height="320" width="266" /></a></div>
Along this railway corridor will come many specialized industrial zones which will easily be able to move goods in and out of their factories. The bigger industrial zones will developed into new cities and ease the rural migration pressure on the bigger metro cities such as Mumbai and Delhi.4<br />
<br />
Besides the export oriented industrial zones, logistics hubs, new airports, knowledge parks are also expected to come up along this corridor. Ultimately the success of this project will depend upon government's ability to acquire the land for such an ambitious project.<br />
<br />
If the project is successfully executed, then it will be one of Namo's greatest achievement.<br />
<br />
</div>
Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-12745000964503486062014-05-03T15:51:00.002+05:302014-09-18T23:22:43.668+05:30IB Valley Thermal Power Project<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Orissa Power Generation Company is setting up a coal based thermal powerplant of 2 × 660MW units at Jharsuguda district in Orissa . The construction work on these 2 units has already commenced.<br />
The BTG ( boiler-turbine-generator) has been awarded to BHEL and the BOP ( balance of plant) package has been awarded to BGR Energy.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd_Q3fi45FZz9_tgW-nfo5vQLl84x43c8GiFjGerlT2k4OvXY4oPKWtEJWzECTxfNBkdOZ9r9Bf38ErvNmtJXwjTz0xp8ztHpmLGUxhJ7V2EdS1gnUwTPXbkYPFp8OybpLmZW3WpgvMb4/s1600/IB+Valley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd_Q3fi45FZz9_tgW-nfo5vQLl84x43c8GiFjGerlT2k4OvXY4oPKWtEJWzECTxfNBkdOZ9r9Bf38ErvNmtJXwjTz0xp8ztHpmLGUxhJ7V2EdS1gnUwTPXbkYPFp8OybpLmZW3WpgvMb4/s1600/IB+Valley.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-78367108059119343092013-03-24T01:14:00.001+05:302013-08-05T02:04:47.145+05:30Manpower Planning for Concreting<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Suppose on a project, one had to complete 1000 cum of concrete in a month, how should one plan the manpower for that.<br />
<br />
Ofcourse productivity depends on the type of structure, but I am speaking of a general approach and not specific to a certain type of structure.<br />
<br />
For a general concrete structure we can assume 0.1 ton of rebar per cum of concrete on the average.<br />
<br />
So 1000 cum of concrete works out to 100 ton of rebar.<br />
<br />
Based on site observations a barbender with 2 helpers does approx 0.4 ton of barbending,cutting and fitup in a day.<br />
So 1 gang of barbenders ( 1 main barbender and 2 helpers) would do approx 10 tons of reinforcement work in a month ( assuming 25 working days)<br />
<br />
Hence to do 100 tons of rebar in a month 10 gangs would be required.<br />
<br />
For shuttering, we can assume that 4sqm of shuttering would be required per cum of concrete.<br />
Hence for 1000 cum of concrete, 4000 sqm of shuttering would be required.<br />
<br />
One carpenter with 2 helpers do approx fit up of 4.5 sqm of shuttering in a day.<br />
So 1 gang of carpenters would do appox 112.5 sqm of shuttering in a month<br />
Say 100 sqm in a month<br />
<br />
So in order to compete 4000 sqm of shuttering in a month, 40 gangs of carpentars are required.</div>
Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-51836275202639772362013-03-13T23:18:00.001+05:302014-04-27T15:27:50.920+05:30Key Construction Risks from Systems Outside the Boundary Wall of the Plant<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Generally all systems outside the boundary wall of a thermal power plant carries a huge construction risk.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
These systems include:</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
1. Cross Country Pipeline for delivering the water to the thermal power plant</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
2. Transmission Line for delivering the electricity produced at the plant to the nearest point in the grid</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
3. Railway Siding for delivering coal to the power plant</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Generally the amount of risk is directly proportional to the length of system. For instance, a cross country pipeline of 60kms carries a much bigger risk than a cross country pipeline of 20 kms.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Generally for Cross Country Pipeline and Transmission Line, we only need to get Right of Way (ROW) which is sort of lease model and need not actually acquire the land. However for Railway Siding, we have to actually purchase the land. Land acquisition is a long and cumbersome process as there maybe more than 2000 individual land owners for a railway track of 20 km length.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
For Cross Country Pipeline, its a better strategy is run your cross country pipelines parallel to the road or a national highway and offset it from the highway by 10 to 30 metres. Generally the land around the highways is owned by Highway Authority or other Government bodies and getting the ROW is much simpler. However, as there maybe plans to make the highway from 2 lanes to a 4 lane highway in a few years and you maybe asked to relocate your pipeline. The plant owner must protect himself against this by leaving sufficient distance from the edge of the road or highway.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Additionally our pipeline may also be crossing local roads, national highways, rivers, canals, railway lines, other pipelines, petroleum pipelines etc. While finalizing the route of the cross country pipeline we must have a very clear strategy for overcoming all these challenges.</div>
</div>
Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-68019338452391897902013-03-11T03:02:00.000+05:302013-03-11T03:06:24.269+05:30How many energy units are produced by Power Plant in a single day<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The electrical meter installed at our home measures energy units in KW-hr.<br />
<div>
On the average, we consume about 300 units per month in non summer months (no AC), so really we are consuming about 300 KW-hr of electricity per month.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Say an average of 10 units per day.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
So how many KW-hr does a power plant of of 300 MW size produce ?</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Per day the power plant would produce = 1000 X 24 X 300 units = 72,00,000 units</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
However, the power plant would consume some of the power produced by it to run its own auxiliaries such as the coal handling plant, boiler feed pump, fans , pumps etc.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Hence on the average, auxiliary consumption is approximately 7% of the generated power for a unit of 300 MW sizing.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
So the <b>gross exportable power</b> of the plant is 0.93 X 72,00,000 = 66,96,000 units</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Further, we also need to consider the Plant Load Factor as the power plant would not be running contionously throughout the year. It may have to take shutdowns for maintenance, non-availability of coal, grid failures etc.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
An average Plant Load Factor to consider for a new plant is 0.85 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
So the <b>net exportable power</b> produced by a unit of 300 MW per day is 0.85 X 66,96,000 = 56, 91, 600 units per day.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
If this plant was supplying power to only residential houses, then theoretically this power plant could power 5,69,160 houses considering an average of 10 units consumed by single house per day.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
However in reality the Transmission, Distribution and Theft Losses in India are very high to the tune of 40 percent and this is where real change in policy is required.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-10962633153221462152011-09-26T19:55:00.000+05:302013-03-11T03:24:04.643+05:30Coal Handling PlantCoal can be bought to the power plant via trucks or train or ship if power plant is located near sea.<br />
The most common way to bring coal is by train.<br />
<br />
Generally a railway track needs to be laid from the nearest railway station to the power plant. The train wagons are automatically unloaded using a wagon tippler mechanism and the unloaded coal is stored in an underground bunker. This coal is then conveyed to the crusher house using belt conveyor system. In the crusher house coal is crushed to around 25mm size. The crushed coal is then stored in coal stockyard using a mechanism called stacker-reclaimer. The coal is further conveyed to the ball mill via belt conveyor system. In the ball mill coal is pulverized to a powder form. This powder form is conveyed to the coal burners of the boiler using hot air which also dries the coal.<br />
<br />
Generally speaking, about 0.5 T/hr of coal is required per MW unit size. So if you had a 200 MW unit, then 100 T/hr of coal would be required.<br />
<br />
For 24 hours, you would need 2400 T of coal<br />
<br />
One train carries appox 3000T. of coal. So 1 train of coal would be required to unloaded per day.
Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-53575333253605631692011-03-09T13:08:00.004+05:302011-03-09T13:22:02.301+05:30About Pipes - Part 2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">ASME and ASTM have defined the dimensional standards and material standards respectively for all pipes used in process plants. These bodies publish various codes/standards so that engineers can select pipes suitable for their application based on these internationally accepeted standards.<br />
<br />
Carbon Steel Pipe is the most common type of pipe and is mostly specified according to ASTM 106. Within the ASTM A106, carbon steel pipe is available in Grades A,B and C based on increasing tensile strength.<br />
<br />
Galvanized Carbon Steel Pipe is mostly specified as per ASTM A53<br />
<br />
Stainless Steel Pipe upto 200mm Nominal Bore is mostly specified as per ASTM A312. Within ASTM A312, eighteen different grades of stainless steel pipe are specified with grade 304L as the most commonly used grade in industry. Stainless Steel pipes above 200 Nominal Bore are specified as per ASTM A358<br />
<br />
*In India its very difficult to obtain seamless pipes above 350 NB from any of the vendors<br />
<br />
* ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials<br />
*ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers </div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-72838429923103173792011-03-05T13:34:00.000+05:302011-03-09T12:37:13.586+05:30Weight of Pipe in terms of Kg per meter<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">The weight of pipe in terms of Kg per meter is = Diameter *Thickness * 16<br />
<br />
For example a 10 inch pipe with 0.25 inch thickness has a weight of = 10 *.25 * 16 = 40 kg per meter.<br />
<br />
This calculation is only a thumbrule with very good accuracy. For actual billing, the weight of the pipe from pipe tables should be taken. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-74847972300481534172011-03-05T13:23:00.000+05:302011-03-09T12:37:13.586+05:30Calculating Electrode Consumption for Pipe Per Weld<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: left;">Lets say we have a 12 inch pipeline which needs to be welded. </div><div style="text-align: left;">Kg of Electrode Required per Weld = (Dia of Pipe/2) * 0.1 = (12/2)* 0.1 = 0.6 kg</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">This is only a rough thumbrule calculation for calculating the quantity of electrode per weld. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div></div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-478240621766677792011-03-02T16:38:00.000+05:302011-03-02T16:41:10.899+05:30Top Engineering Consultants in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Some of the top engineering consultants in India are:<br />
<ul><li>Tata Consultancy Engineers</li>
<li>Engineers India Ltd.</li>
<li>M.N Dastur Co. Ltd</li>
<li>Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd</li>
<li>J P Mukheerjee Consultants</li>
<li>Black and Veatch</li>
<li>Fitchner Consulting Engineers</li>
<li>Uhde India Pvt Ltd.</li>
<li>Sargent and Lundy</li>
<li>Doosan Engineering Consultants</li>
</ul></div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-52369046227585356782011-03-02T14:26:00.001+05:302011-03-02T14:29:19.604+05:30Construction Photos of Essar Power Plant at Salaya, Gujarat<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Recently i was very impressed with the professional management of Essar Power in managing a complex project such as the Salaya Power Plant at Gujarat. Here is a presentation from Essar Power from their website on status of construction.<br />
<br />
This presentation has some great photos of power plant under construction from slide 28 onwards. <br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/49840886/essar-power-salaya-presentation-20101008" style="display: block; font: 14px Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; margin: 12px auto 6px; text-decoration: underline;" title="View essar_power_salaya_presentation_20101008 on Scribd">essar_power_salaya_presentation_20101008</a> <object data="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf" height="500" id="doc_54675312085256" name="doc_54675312085256" style="outline: medium none;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%"> <param name="movie" value="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf"> <param name="wmode" value="opaque"> <param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"> <param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"> <param name="FlashVars" value="document_id=49840886&access_key=key-1m2sysigr92z8eu84qfn&page=1&viewMode=slideshow"> <embed id="doc_54675312085256" name="doc_54675312085256" src="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=49840886&access_key=key-1m2sysigr92z8eu84qfn&page=1&viewMode=slideshow" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="500" width="100%" wmode="opaque" bgcolor="#ffffff"></embed> </object></div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-13741435172705360352011-02-13T19:44:00.001+05:302011-03-02T14:49:16.007+05:30Why Microsoft Project should not be used as a Project Monitoring Tool<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">At first glance, Microsoft Project appears as a very user friendly tool for project scheduling and monitoring. Infact most of the L2 schedules, I have seen seem to have been done in Microsoft Project. <br />
<br />
After using Microsoft Project on my last 4 projects ( average project value around Rs 30 crores), there seem to many major flaws in Microsoft Project software, namely<br />
<br />
1. Percentage Complete for any Activity is defined as Actual Time Spent on Activity divided by the Original Duration of the Activity. This to me seems fundamentally flawed. If i had an activity whose Original Duration was 10 days, and i spent 8 days on the activity, then Microsoft Project will show that activity as 80% complete while in reality it maybe only 20% complete due to slow progress.<br />
This is a fundamental limitation of the software and i have discussed this with many of the scheduling experts and no one seems to have a work around solution for this.<br />
<br />
2. Microsoft Project gives crazy results when an activity is started out of sequence. For instance after completing the structure of a multi-story building I had planned in MSP to do the brickwork first on the ground floor and then on the first floor. Now due to some issues, in reality i started my brickwork on the first floor and then i would do the brickwork on the ground floor. When we update this in MSP, it still keeps showing the ground floor brickwork activity in the past and does not move the task as something we have to do in the future. As a result the entire shedule becomes distorted and unreliable.<br />
<br />
Over the last year, i have also been using Primavera in parallel with Microsoft Project and i am very happy with Primavera's scheduling capablites. It does not seem to have any scheduling flaws and seems to be giving correct results.</div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-17070070096121300292011-02-10T09:51:00.001+05:302011-03-02T14:28:03.338+05:30Type of Work at Construction Site<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">As a Site-in-charge, most of my time is spent upon:<br />
<br />
1. Planning - involves studying of drawings and determing the resources required to complete the work<br />
2. Overseeing actual construction work happening at site<br />
3. Keeping track of material in the site store<br />
4. Correspondence with client and Head Office<br />
5. Making reports regarding site progress and making RA bills<br />
6. Keeping the sub-contractor focussed on the job at hand</div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-75657143772798518292011-02-09T11:20:00.001+05:302011-09-26T19:43:24.320+05:30Ash Handling System in a Thermal Power Plant<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Coal is burnt in the furnace to heat the boiler to produce steam. Burnt coal is called ash. Some part of the ash falls to the ground and is called bottom ash and the ligher ash particles fly in the air and are called fly ash.<br />
There are different systems for dealing with bottom ash and fly ash.<br />
<br />
Bottom Ash: The bottom ash falls through the furnace grating and is collected in a hopper. Its then grinded and crushed to produce find powder ash. The powder ash is then mixed with water to produce ash slurry.<br />
The ash slurry is then pumped to an open pond called the ash dyke.<br />
<br />
Fly Ash: The flue gas exits the furnace and is finally disposed off through the chimney. Before the chimney a device called the Electrostatic Precipator is present which is electrically charged. The fly ash sticks to the screens of the electrostatic precipitator while the rest of the flue gas escapes through the chimney.<br />
The stuck ash is then scrapped off the screen using a automated scrapper mechanism and collected in a hopper where it's conveyed to a silo either using air or mechanical conveyor system. The fly ash is stored because it can be used in the manufacture of cement or fly ash bricks. Hence its stored in silos and sold to cement plants and not disposed off like bottom ash </div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-59918679919974062742010-12-26T00:00:00.002+05:302011-02-12T18:41:23.540+05:30Thumbrules for Estimating Quantities in Residential Buildings<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Expert estimators are able to work out the quantites of concrete, steel, brickwork, plaster and finishing material based on the total built-up area of a residential building without even looking at the building plans.<br />
<br />
So here's a rough guide on working out the quantites for a residential building of approx 1 lakh square foot built-up area.<br />
<br />
Concrete- Approx 4500 cum of concrete would be required for the structural frame of the building. The thumrule to follow is 0.045 cum of concrete per square foot of built-up area. This quantity would increase slightly for a building having basements as extra concrete would go in the raft, retaining walls and to the ramps to the basement.<br />
<br />
Rebar- Approx 540 tons of rebar would be required. The thumbrule to follow is 120 kg of rebar per cum of concrete. Highrise buildings require more steel in the colums and the amount of steel per cum of concrete would increase with the height of the building.<br />
<br />
Brickwork - Approx 1.3 lakh sq feet of wall would be present in the building with 1 lakh square feet area. However, the total area of the walls would depend a lot on the size of rooms.<br />
<br />
Plastering and Paint Area - is approximately 3 times of the brickwork area . Note that this also includes ceiling and staircase plastering.<br />
<br />
These numbers only apply to large residential towers and not to small housed and bungalows. Please apply these numbers with caution as they may vary for your particular project.</div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-43902081388299156442010-12-14T17:26:00.002+05:302011-02-12T18:43:02.390+05:30Monthly Site Running Costs - Overheads<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Salary of Staff Deployed at Site<br />
Accomodation Expense for Staff<br />
Staff Welfare Expense<br />
Vehicle Running and Transportation Charge (local)<br />
Head Office to Site Travel Expense<br />
Water Charges<br />
Electricity Charges<br />
Telephone and Internet Expense<br />
Office Stationary and Furniture Expenses<br />
<br />
</div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-74703941567384223012010-12-01T18:21:00.001+05:302011-02-12T18:48:56.779+05:30Various Types of Waters at Power Plants<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Raw Water - Water coming externally from a cross country pipeline into the plant and is stored in the raw water reservoir.<br />
<br />
Clarified Water - Raw water after Primary Treatment becomes Clarified Water<br />
<br />
DM Water - Part of the Clarified Water is sent to the DM Plant for removal of dissolved salts. This water is used for filling up the boiler is called Boiler DM Water. A part of DM water is also used for cooling the various pumps and equipments in the BTG area and is called DM Cooling Water.<br />
<br />
Cooling Water - A part of the Clarified Water is sent to the cooling water forebay for cooling of the condensor. Steam exiting the turbine is condensed into water in the Condensor with the help of Cooling Water<br />
<br />
Auxillary Cooling Water -A part of the Cooling Water is used to cool the DM Cooling water via Plate type Heat Excanger. The water used to cool the DM Cooling Water is called Auxillary Cooling Water<br />
<br />
Potable Water - is used for drinking and cooking purposes<br />
<br />
Service Water is used for generally cleaning, washing, firefighting etc is called Service Water</div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-28598269071320564702010-12-01T18:09:00.004+05:302011-03-09T12:38:07.201+05:30About Pipes - Part 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg60H47hRQVH6u2iR_Jqc6GRT54mEox-H7Z-uFot8Wq460PSjt9Hoxj8b1Pjl7q233MQ9bpVT79eIvSAW2kzdaXue5CyzZTK9YVg7QP_tvIfNnC5Z2Rwvz8oyngoBJKyVW2RWss9euqwrY/s1600/seamless_steel_black_pipe_carbon_steel_pipe_for_high_temperature_service_line_pipe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" n4="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg60H47hRQVH6u2iR_Jqc6GRT54mEox-H7Z-uFot8Wq460PSjt9Hoxj8b1Pjl7q233MQ9bpVT79eIvSAW2kzdaXue5CyzZTK9YVg7QP_tvIfNnC5Z2Rwvz8oyngoBJKyVW2RWss9euqwrY/s200/seamless_steel_black_pipe_carbon_steel_pipe_for_high_temperature_service_line_pipe.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Pipes are generally made of metal, plastic or concrete.<br />
<br />
Metallic pipes are of Cast Iron, Galvanized Iron, Carbon Steel, Mild Steel, Stainless Steel, etc<br />
Plastic Pipes maybe of PVC, HDPE, FRP etc<br />
Concrete Pipes are made of various concrete mixes<br />
<br />
Mettalic pipes maybe manufactured by extrusion (also called seamless pipes), centrifugal casting and spinning or welding.<br />
<br />
Pipes generally are classified by their Nominal Bore which is their Outer Diameter and by Pipe Schedule which is the thickness of the pipe shell.<br />
<br />
Pipes may be joined together by Welding, Flanging or Threading.<br />
<br />
If pipe is joined by welding ( either Butt Welding or Socket Welding) then radiographic inspection of the welded joint would be required by the client.<br />
<br />
If a mettalic pipe is to laid underground then the pipe must be protected from corrosion by wrapping and coating and also by cathodic protection.</div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-9833803965600881872010-10-24T00:56:00.001+05:302010-12-02T11:53:16.864+05:30Courses in Construction and Related FieldsMany Indian institutes offer courses related to construction beyond your normal Btech courses. <br />
Some of the institues are<br />
<br />
1. NICMAR - National Institute of Construction Management and Research in Pune.<br />
Offers many courses in Project Management, Construction Management, Planning, etc<br />
Check it out at <a href="http://www.nicmar.ac.in/">http://www.nicmar.ac.in/</a><br />
<br />
2. Indian Green Bulding Council conducts an exam for candidates wanting to certify themselves in Green Building Design.<br />
Check it out at <a href="http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/igbcapexam.jsp">http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/igbcapexam.jsp</a><br />
<br />
3. Sahayadri Engineering Academy specializes in courses in Construction Technology.<br />
Check it out at <a href="http://www.sahyadripune.com/index.php/SEA-Course-Calender/SEA-2009-2010-Course-Calender.html">http://www.sahyadripune.com/index.php/SEA-Course-Calender/SEA-2009-2010-Course-Calender.html</a><br />
<br />
4. Project Management Institute is an internationally recogonozed body offering PMP certification which can help budding project managers.<br />
Check it out at <a href="http://www.pmi.org/CareerDevelopment/Pages/Certification-and-the-Job-Market.aspx">http://www.pmi.org/CareerDevelopment/Pages/Certification-and-the-Job-Market.aspx</a><br />
<br />
5. National Power Training Institute is an highly accaimed institute offering courses and trainings to students wanting to make a career in the power industry.<br />
Chek it out at <a href="http://www.npti.in/">http://www.npti.in/</a>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-48594798785379463392010-10-16T23:38:00.000+05:302010-10-17T11:10:32.430+05:30Water and Sewage Treatment ProcessSewage is referred to waste from the bathrooms and kitchens of households.<br />
Water is treated for making it fit to drink for human consumption.<br />
<br />
The three stages of treatment are:<br />
<br />
1. Primary Treatment<br />
a. Screen Filtration<br />
Large and visible impurities are removed from water/sewage by passing it through mettalic screens of <br />
decreasing sizes. Items such as small gravel, pieces of leaves, etc are filtered through this method.<br />
<br />
b. Sand Filter<br />
Water/sewage is then passed though a sand filter to remove particles of very small sizes. The sand is generally compacted very tightly in the filter and does not allow any undissolved particles to get through it.<br />
<br />
2. Secondary Treatment<br />
Generally water contains dissolved salts (inorganic impurities) and also fats and oils (organic impurities)<br />
<br />
To get rid of dissolved salts, Reverse Osmosis (R.O.) technoloy is used. Chorides and carbonates of soduim, calcium and magnesium are removed through the R.O technology. Incase water with almost zero dissolved salts is desired then a De-Mineralization plant would have to used. This plant is generally used for boiler water but not for human consumption.<br />
<br />
To get rid of dissolved fats and organic matter, water is allowed to stand still and bacterial growth is allowed which eats away the organic matter and then settles at the bottom of tank as sludge.<br />
Infact alum is added to the tank which encourages the sludge particles to stick together by a process called flocculation and settle at the bottom of tank.<br />
Clarified water is then obtained from top of the tank.<br />
<br />
3. Tertiary treatment<br />
Clarified water still contains bacteria and viruses which can make humans sick. Hence the clarified water is then chlorinated or treated with ozone to get rid of the pathogens. <br />
At homes we use UV rays in the Aquagaurd to achieve the same effect.<br />
<br />
Note:<br />
Technolgies are being developed to convert sludge into bio-gas as sludge is rich in organic matter.Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-73415673303119177312010-09-14T17:46:00.002+05:302010-10-17T11:08:57.428+05:30Removal of Shuttering from Structural ElementsMany times, I have been asked what is the ideal time for maintaining formwork after casting of a structural element such as column, wall, beam and slab.<br />
<br />
Below is only a general guideline for removal of formwork and not to be followed without the approval of your structural consultant.<br />
<br />
a) Removal of formwork from walls, columns and vertical surfaces - 24 hours <br />
<br />
b) Removal of formwork from slabs while keeping the props - 4 days<br />
<br />
c) Removal of formwork from beams while keeping the props - 7 days<br />
<br />
d) Removal of props under slabs<br />
1) Slab span upto 4.5m - 7days<br />
2) Slab span above 4.5m - 14 days<br />
<br />
e)Removal of props under beams<br />
1) For beams upto 4.5 m - 14 days<br />
2) For beams above 4.5m - 21 days<br />
<br />
Please remember after removal of formwork, proper curing of concrete is really important.Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-710386588305201102010-09-14T16:58:00.001+05:302010-10-17T11:08:42.948+05:30Power Sector OutookCurrently the installed capacity of India is 160,000 MW of which nearly 80 percent is with PSU's and govt bodies and 20 percent is with private sector. <br />
<br />
In 2009, India was able to add about 10,000 MW to its capacity.<br />
The good news is that the ministries are taking a very active role in fast tracking projects and its likely that another 10,000 MW would be added by end of 2010. More then 40 private projects have been cleared and would be under construction soon. Typically it takes 3-5 years for a thermal power plant to be operational once the construction starts.<br />
<br />
Major players in Power Sector:<br />
NTPC is the largest player with installed capacity of 32,000MW<br />
Tata Power and Reliance Infra are the major private players.<br />
NHPC is the largest player in hydropower space.<br />
<br />
For the first time Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP) ie power plants with 4000MW capacity have been sanctioned and four of the UMPP's are expected to be commissioned by 2015.<br />
<br />
The future of power sector looks very positive.Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-36087061504090999422010-09-10T16:16:00.003+05:302011-07-31T01:39:46.931+05:30Top EPC Contractors in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">1. Larsen and Toubro<br />
2. Punj Lloyd<br />
3. Jaypee Associates<br />
4. Lanco Infratech<br />
5. Nagarjuna Constructions<br />
6. IVRCL<br />
7. Simplex Infrastructure<br />
8. GMR<br />
9. Gammon India<br />
10. HCC<br />
11. Tata Projects<br />
12. Shapoorji Pallonji<br />
13. GVK<br />
<div closure_uid_1litmp="103">14 Shobha Developers</div>15. IRB<br />
<div closure_uid_h792bk="112">16. Tata Projects</div><div closure_uid_h792bk="112">17. Siemens</div><div closure_uid_h792bk="112"><br />
</div></div>Nitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com35tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8902839819205521201.post-8409682408648674412010-09-10T12:02:00.001+05:302010-09-12T03:06:50.084+05:30Quality checks to be kept in mind while casting of concreteThe following points must be kept in mind before casting of any structural member<br />
<br />
1. Rebar details must be correctly followed as per drawings.<br />
<br />
2. Rings/stirrups provide strength to columns and beams and prevent the concrete from spreading out and cracking. Hence rings should not be missed out as it could cause structural failure . Its a good idea to get rings pre-fabricated from contractor who specializes in this kind of a job <br />
<br />
3.Ring spacing along the column or beam rebar must be correctly followed.<br />
<br />
4.Cover blocks must be placed all around the rebar to prevent the rebar from touching the shuttering<br />
<br />
5. Ensure that the shuttering alignment is correct and shuttering is vertical.<br />
<br />
6. Make sure to take atleast 2 samples of concrete before casting for 7 day and 28 day testing. Fill the moulds with concrete and cure them before sending them to the quality lab. <br />
<br />
7. Do an onsite slump test of concrete by using a slump cone<br />
<br />
8. Make sure that the inner sides of shuttering material are smooth and smeared with shuttering oilNitinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13681375091835051583noreply@blogger.com1